Income and Boredom: Evidence from 30 Countries

• Authors: Daniel Navarro-Martínez, Stefan Pfattheicher, Sergio Pirla and Jordi Quoidbach
• Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 111, Article 102847, December 2025

For decades, researchers, governments, and policymakers have sought to understand how financial scarcity affects people’s well-being and quality of life. In this paper, we show that past studies have overlooked a fundamental psychological aspect of being poor: boredom. Using data from over 60,000 individuals across 30 countries, we find a robust negative association between income and daily experiences of boredom. In fact, compared with high-income earners, low-income individuals not only feel bored more often, but their experience of boredom is more closely linked to other negative states such as loneliness, worry, and anxiety. While the relationship between income and boredom does not differ between white- and blue-collar occupations, it is significantly stronger among individuals whose primary source of income consists of social transfers, such as unemployment benefits or pensions. Our results pave the way for future research and policies that take boredom into account and address the full extent of the psychological tax exerted by financial hardship.